The testicles are male genitalia or gonads that are located in the scrotum, at the base of the penis. The testicles belong to the male reproductive system and are the counterparts of the ovaries. They produce sperm and testosterone, the male hormone. The testicles are located in a skin sac called the scrotum. They have a dual function: an exocrine function, called spermatogenesis, which produces the male gamete, sperm, and an endocrine function, called steroidogenesis, which produces the male hormone, testosterone. The testicles have a smooth, pearly white shell called the testicular albuginea (tunica albuinea testis), which is thick, solid and inextensible. On its lateral and caudal sides, the testicle is surrounded by a "testicular vaginal cavity", remnant of the internal coelom. At the top of the testicle is the epididymis separated from the testicle by the "epididymal groove". The disappearance of this groove is a sign of epididymal pathology such as cancer. At its caudal pole, the testicle is attached to the scrotum by the gubernaculum testis.

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