Bipolar disorders

Bipolar disorder, also known as manic depression, is a mental health disorder that causes extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression). It is characterized by major mood swings from mania to depression. This illness can be difficult to manage, but there are many effective treatments. The goal of treatment is to prevent relapse and recurrence, as the recurrent nature of the disorder can be destabilizing for those affected. The term "bipolar disorder" is relatively new, dating back to 1976, and refers to a disturbance in mood mechanisms. People with bipolar disorder may experience alternating phases of elation and depression

Mania is characterized by elevated mood, increased energy, rapid thinking, impulsivity and risky behaviour. Hypomania is a milder form of mania, but it can still cause significant problems in social, professional and personal relationships.

Biomarkers are biological measures that can be used to help diagnose the illness and track its progression.

Some potential biomarkers for bipolar disorder include:

1. Neurotransmitter levels: Levels of certain neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and serotonin, may be different in people with bipolar disorder. Studies have shown that dopamine levels are higher during manic episodes, while serotonin levels are lower during depressive episodes.

2. Inflammatory markers: Studies have shown that inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and cytokines, can be elevated in people with bipolar disorder. This suggests that inflammation may play a role in the development of the illness.

3. Genetic biomarkers: Studies have identified several genes that may be involved in the development of bipolar disorder. Mutations in these genes may increase the risk of developing the disorder.

4. Brain imaging biomarkers: Brain imaging, such as MRI and PET scans, can be used to measure brain structure and activity in people with bipolar disorder. Studies have shown that people with bipolar disorder have differences in brain structure and activity compared to people without the disorder.