CRISPR/Cas9 Technology

CRISPR/Cas9 technology has emerged as a transformative tool in genetic engineering, enabling precise modifications to DNA across various organisms. Originally discovered as a bacterial defense mechanism against viruses, its adaptation for genome editing has opened new avenues in agriculture, medicine, and biotechnology.

Mechanism of Action

The CRISPR/Cas9 system consists of two key components: the Cas9 endonuclease and a guide RNA (gRNA). The gRNA is designed to match a specific DNA sequence, allowing Cas9 to introduce double-strand breaks at precise locations in the genome. This process initiates cellular DNA repair mechanisms, which can lead to targeted gene knockouts or the insertion of new genetic material through methods such as non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) or homology-directed repair (HDR).

.Recent advancements have refined this technology, enhancing its specificity and efficiency. Innovations such as prime editing and base editing allow for more accurate genetic modifications without the need for double-strand breaks. Prime editing can correct up to 89% of known genetic variants by directly editing target sequences, while base editing enables the conversion of one DNA base into another, facilitating precise point mutations