Reagents and instruments for immunology, cell biology and molecular biology.

Dexamethasone [50-02-2]

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Cat# HY-14648-1g

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Description

Dexamethasone (Hexadecadrol) is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist, apoptosis inducer, and common disease inducer in experimental animals, constructing models of muscle atrophy, hypertension, and depression. Dexamethasone can inhibit the production of inflammatory miRNA-155 exosomes in macrophages and significantly reduce the expression of inflammatory factors in neutrophils and monocytes. Dexamethasone also has potential for use in COVID-19 research^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4].

IC₅₀ & Target

Glucocorticoid receptor^[1]

Cellular Effect

Cell Line	Type	Value	Description	References
A549	IC₅₀	> 15 μM Compound: Dex	Anticancer against human A549 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Anticancer against human A549 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 24992071]
A549	EC₅₀	1 nM Compound: Dexamethasone	Activity at glucocorticoid receptor in human A549 cells assessed as effect on GRE promoter response by luciferase reporter assay Activity at glucocorticoid receptor in human A549 cells assessed as effect on GRE promoter response by luciferase reporter assay	[PMID: 16643060]
A549	EC₅₀	1.1 nM Compound: Dexamethasone	Transrepression activity at glucocorticoid receptor expressed in human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of IL-1-beta-induced NF-kappaB dependent E-selection promoter activation after 6 hrs by luciferase reporter gene based ELAM assay Transrepression activity at glucocorticoid receptor expressed in human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of IL-1-beta-induced NF-kappaB dependent E-selection promoter activation after 6 hrs by luciferase reporter gene based ELAM assay	[PMID: 20047280]
A549	EC₅₀	1.1 nM Compound: 1, Dex	Agonist activity at glucocorticoid receptor in human A549 cells assessed as E-selectin transrepression by luciferase reporter gene assay Agonist activity at glucocorticoid receptor in human A549 cells assessed as E-selectin transrepression by luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 24980053]
A549	EC₅₀	1.1 nM Compound: 1, Dex	Agonist activity at glucocorticoid receptor in human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of IL-1beta-induced NF-kappaB dependent E-selectin activation by luciferase reporter gene assay Agonist activity at glucocorticoid receptor in human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of IL-1beta-induced NF-kappaB dependent E-selectin activation by luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 23953070]
A549	EC₅₀	1.1 nM Compound: Dex	Transrepression activity at glucocorticoid receptor in human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of IL1beta-stimulated NFkappaB-dependent E-selectin transcription by luciferase reporter gene assay Transrepression activity at glucocorticoid receptor in human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of IL1beta-stimulated NFkappaB-dependent E-selectin transcription by luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 23916594]
A549	EC₅₀	1.1 nM Compound: 1, dex	Transrepression activity of glucocorticoid receptor in human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of IL1beta-stimulated NFkappaB-dependent E-selectin transcription by luciferase reporter gene assay Transrepression activity of glucocorticoid receptor in human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of IL1beta-stimulated NFkappaB-dependent E-selectin transcription by luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 21073190]
A549	EC₅₀	1.1 nM Compound: dex	Transrepression activity at GR in IL-1-beta-stimulated human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of NF-kappaB-dependent E-selectin transcription by luciferase reporter gene assay Transrepression activity at GR in IL-1-beta-stimulated human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of NF-kappaB-dependent E-selectin transcription by luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 19321341]
A549	EC₅₀	2.5 nM Compound: Dexamethasone	Transrepression activity at glucocorticoid receptor expressed in human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of PMA-induced AP1 activity after 6 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay Transrepression activity at glucocorticoid receptor expressed in human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of PMA-induced AP1 activity after 6 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 20047280]
A549	EC₅₀	2.5 nM Compound: 1, Dex	Agonist activity at glucocorticoid receptor in human A549 cells assessed as AP-1 transrepression by luciferase reporter gene assay Agonist activity at glucocorticoid receptor in human A549 cells assessed as AP-1 transrepression by luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 24980053]
A549	EC₅₀	2.5 nM Compound: Dexamethasone	Transrepression of glucocorticoid receptor in human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of PMA-induced AP-1 activity by luciferase reporter gene assay Transrepression of glucocorticoid receptor in human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of PMA-induced AP-1 activity by luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 24011644]
A549	EC₅₀	2.5 nM Compound: 1, Dex	Agonist activity at glucocorticoid receptor in human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of PMA-induced AP-1 activation by luciferase reporter gene assay Agonist activity at glucocorticoid receptor in human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of PMA-induced AP-1 activation by luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 23953070]
A549	EC₅₀	2.5 nM Compound: Dex	Transrepression activity at glucocorticoid receptor in human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of PMA-stimulated AP1 response element by luciferase reporter gene assay Transrepression activity at glucocorticoid receptor in human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of PMA-stimulated AP1 response element by luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 23916594]
A549	EC₅₀	2.5 nM Compound: 1, dex	Transrepression activity of glucocorticoid receptor in human A549 cells expressing AP-1 assessed as inhibition of PMA-induced AP-1 activity by luciferase reporter gene assay Transrepression activity of glucocorticoid receptor in human A549 cells expressing AP-1 assessed as inhibition of PMA-induced AP-1 activity by luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 21073190]
B16-F10	IC₅₀	> 20 μM Compound: Dex	Anticancer against mouse B16F10 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Anticancer against mouse B16F10 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 24992071]
B-cell	IC₅₀	0.8 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Immunosuppressive activity against BALB/C mouse B lymphocytes assessed as reduction in LPS-induced cell proliferation by measuring [3H]-thymidine uptake incubated for 8 hrs by Beta scintillation counting method Immunosuppressive activity against BALB/C mouse B lymphocytes assessed as reduction in LPS-induced cell proliferation by measuring [3H]-thymidine uptake incubated for 8 hrs by Beta scintillation counting method	[PMID: 31961677]
BV-2	IC₅₀	2.5 x 10^-2 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity in C57BL6/J mouse BV2 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production after 24 hrs by Griess assay Antiinflammatory activity in C57BL6/J mouse BV2 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production after 24 hrs by Griess assay	[PMID: 26110443]
CHO	IC₅₀	> 20 μM Compound: Dex	Cytotoxicity against CHO cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against CHO cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 24992071]
COS-7	EC₅₀	7.2 nM Compound: Dexamethasone	Agonist activity at glucocorticoid receptor ligand binding domain expressed in african green monkey COS7 cells co-transfected with Gal4-LBD by luciferase reporter gene assay Agonist activity at glucocorticoid receptor ligand binding domain expressed in african green monkey COS7 cells co-transfected with Gal4-LBD by luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 19863083]
CV-1	ED₅₀	0.1 nM Compound: dexamethasone	Activity at human glucocorticoid receptor expressed in CV1 cells assessed as repression of TNF and IL-1-beta-induced E-selectin gene expression by luciferase reporter gene assay Activity at human glucocorticoid receptor expressed in CV1 cells assessed as repression of TNF and IL-1-beta-induced E-selectin gene expression by luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 18032610]
CV-1	EC₅₀	0.2 nM Compound: dexamethasone	Agonist activity at human GR expressed in CV1 cells by GRE activation assay Agonist activity at human GR expressed in CV1 cells by GRE activation assay	[PMID: 17705362]
Fibroblast	IC₅₀	> 15 μM Compound: Dex	Cytotoxicity against mouse fibroblasts after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against mouse fibroblasts after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 24992071]
HEK293	IC₅₀	> 500 μM Compound: dexamethasone	Inhibition of human MATE1-mediated ASP+ uptake expressed in HEK293 cells after 1.5 mins by fluorescence assay Inhibition of human MATE1-mediated ASP+ uptake expressed in HEK293 cells after 1.5 mins by fluorescence assay	[PMID: 23241029]
HEK293	EC₅₀	1.3 nM Compound: DEX	Agonist activity at human GCR expressed in HEK293 cells by luciferase reporter gene assay Agonist activity at human GCR expressed in HEK293 cells by luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 25305688]
HEK-293T	IC₅₀	> 20 μM Compound: Dex	Cytotoxicity against HEK293T cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against HEK293T cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 24992071]
HeLa	EC₅₀	17 nM Compound: 1a	Activation of MMTV in HeLa cells measured by luciferase activity Activation of MMTV in HeLa cells measured by luciferase activity	[PMID: 17181172]
HeLa	EC₅₀	17 nM Compound: Dexamethasone	Transactivation of glucocorticoid receptor in human HeLa cells harboring MMTV promoter by luciferase reporter gene assay Transactivation of glucocorticoid receptor in human HeLa cells harboring MMTV promoter by luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 24656565]
HeLa	EC₅₀	4.2 nM Compound: Dexamethasone	Transactivation of GR-LBD expressed in human HeLa cells co-expressing GAL4-DBD by luciferase reporter gene assay Transactivation of GR-LBD expressed in human HeLa cells co-expressing GAL4-DBD by luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 24011644]
HeLa	EC₅₀	4.2 nM Compound: 1, dex	Transactivation activity of glucocorticoid receptor ligand binding domain expressed in human NP-1 Hela cells co-expressing GAL4 DNA binding domain by luciferase reporter gene assay Transactivation activity of glucocorticoid receptor ligand binding domain expressed in human NP-1 Hela cells co-expressing GAL4 DNA binding domain by luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 21073190]
HeLa	EC₅₀	4.5 nM Compound: 1, Dex	Agonist activity at glucocorticoid receptor in human HeLa cells assessed as NP-1 transactivation by luciferase reporter gene assay Agonist activity at glucocorticoid receptor in human HeLa cells assessed as NP-1 transactivation by luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 24980053]
HeLa	EC₅₀	4.5 nM Compound: 1, Dex	Transactivation of glucocorticoid receptor ligand binding domain (unknown origin) transfected in human HeLa cells assessed as activation of NP-1 by GAL4 luciferase reporter gene assay Transactivation of glucocorticoid receptor ligand binding domain (unknown origin) transfected in human HeLa cells assessed as activation of NP-1 by GAL4 luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 23953070]
HeLa	EC₅₀	4.5 nM Compound: Dex	Transactivation activity at glucocorticoid receptor ligand binding domain (unknown origin) expressed in human Hela cells co-expressing GAL4 DNA binding domain assessed as NP-1-stimulated GRE activation by luciferase reporter gene assay Transactivation activity at glucocorticoid receptor ligand binding domain (unknown origin) expressed in human Hela cells co-expressing GAL4 DNA binding domain assessed as NP-1-stimulated GRE activation by luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 23916594]
HeLa	EC₅₀	4.5 nM Compound: Dexamethasone	Transactivation of GAL-4 tagged glucocorticoid receptor ligand binding domain expressed in human HeLa cells assessed as NP1 activation by luciferase reporter gene assay Transactivation of GAL-4 tagged glucocorticoid receptor ligand binding domain expressed in human HeLa cells assessed as NP1 activation by luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 20047280]
HeLa S3	IC₅₀	4.1 nM Compound: dexamethasone	Displacement of [3H]Dexamethasone from glucocorticoid receptor in human HeLaS3 cells after 2 hrs Displacement of [3H]Dexamethasone from glucocorticoid receptor in human HeLaS3 cells after 2 hrs	[PMID: 23403082]
HepG2	EC₅₀	2.6 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Activation of rat PXR expressed in human HepG2 cells after 24 hrs by luciferase reporter gene based luminescent analysis Activation of rat PXR expressed in human HepG2 cells after 24 hrs by luciferase reporter gene based luminescent analysis	[PMID: 20966043]
HFF	EC₅₀	0.5 nM Compound: dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity assessed as inhibition of IL1 stimulated IL6 production in HFF cells by transrepression assay Antiinflammatory activity assessed as inhibition of IL1 stimulated IL6 production in HFF cells by transrepression assay	[PMID: 17692519]
HFF	EC₅₀	1.9 nM Compound: 1a	Induction of aromatase activity in HFF cells assessed as production of beta estradiol by aromatase assay Induction of aromatase activity in HFF cells assessed as production of beta estradiol by aromatase assay	[PMID: 17181172]
HFF	EC₅₀	2 nM Compound: dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity assessed as upregulation of aromatase in HFF cells by transactivation assay Antiinflammatory activity assessed as upregulation of aromatase in HFF cells by transactivation assay	[PMID: 17692519]
Huh-7	EC₅₀	5 nM Compound: 1, dex	Transactivation activity at glucocorticoid receptor in human 13D3/Huh7 cells assessed as induction of tyrosine aminotransferase activity after 24 hrs Transactivation activity at glucocorticoid receptor in human 13D3/Huh7 cells assessed as induction of tyrosine aminotransferase activity after 24 hrs	[PMID: 21073190]
J774	IC₅₀	5.2 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity in mouse J774 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS/IFNgamma-induced NO production incubated for 24 hrs by Griess method Antiinflammatory activity in mouse J774 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS/IFNgamma-induced NO production incubated for 24 hrs by Griess method	[PMID: 32364737]
J774	CC₅₀	91.1 μM Compound: Dexa	Cytotoxicity against BALB/c mouse J774 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 72 hrs by alamarBlue assay Cytotoxicity against BALB/c mouse J774 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 72 hrs by alamarBlue assay	[PMID: 29523468]
J774.1	IC₅₀	170 μM Compound: dexamethasone	Inhibition of LPS-induced NO production in mouse J774.1 cells after 24 hrs Inhibition of LPS-induced NO production in mouse J774.1 cells after 24 hrs	[PMID: 12608860]
J774.A1	IC₅₀	0.165 μg/mL Compound: Dexamethasone	Inhibition of LPS-induced TNF-alpha release in mouse J774A1 cells compound preincubated for 1 hr before LPS treatment measured after 6 to 12 hrs by sandwich immunoassay Inhibition of LPS-induced TNF-alpha release in mouse J774A1 cells compound preincubated for 1 hr before LPS treatment measured after 6 to 12 hrs by sandwich immunoassay	[PMID: 25113933]
J774.A1	IC₅₀	0.4 μM Compound: DEXA	Inhibition of TNFalpha production in mouse J774A.1 cells incubated for 6 hrs by sandwich immunoassay Inhibition of TNFalpha production in mouse J774A.1 cells incubated for 6 hrs by sandwich immunoassay	[PMID: 25824662]
J774.A1	IC₅₀	22 μM Compound: DEXA	Inhibition of IL-1beta production in mouse J774A.1 cells incubated for 12 hrs by sandwich immunoassay Inhibition of IL-1beta production in mouse J774A.1 cells incubated for 12 hrs by sandwich immunoassay	[PMID: 25824662]
J774.A1	IC₅₀	9.09 μg/mL Compound: Dexamethasone	Inhibition of LPS-induced IL1-beta release in mouse J774A1 cells compound preincubated for 1 hr before LPS treatment measured after 6 to 12 hrs by sandwich immunoassay Inhibition of LPS-induced IL1-beta release in mouse J774A1 cells compound preincubated for 1 hr before LPS treatment measured after 6 to 12 hrs by sandwich immunoassay	[PMID: 25113933]
L02	IC₅₀	4620.58 μM Compound: Dex	Antiinflammatory activity against human L02 assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production preincubated for 1 hrs followed by LPS stimulation and measured after 24 hrs by Griess assay relative to control Antiinflammatory activity against human L02 assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production preincubated for 1 hrs followed by LPS stimulation and measured after 24 hrs by Griess assay relative to control	[PMID: 33515864]
L02	IC₅₀	4620.58 μM Compound: Dex	Cytotoxicity against human L02 cells cells assessed as cell viability by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human L02 cells cells assessed as cell viability by MTT assay	[PMID: 33515864]
LLC-PK1	IC₅₀	> 50 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Inhibition of P-glycoprotein, human L-MDR1 expressed in LLC-PK1 epithelial cells using calcein-AM polarisation assay Inhibition of P-glycoprotein, human L-MDR1 expressed in LLC-PK1 epithelial cells using calcein-AM polarisation assay	[PMID: 12699389]
LLC-PK1	IC₅₀	> 50 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Inhibition of P-glycoprotein, mouse L-mdr1a expressed in LLC-PK1 epithelial cells using calcein-AM polarisation assay Inhibition of P-glycoprotein, mouse L-mdr1a expressed in LLC-PK1 epithelial cells using calcein-AM polarisation assay	[PMID: 12699389]
LLC-PK1	IC₅₀	> 50 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Inhibition of P-glycoprotein, mouse L-mdr1b expressed in LLC-PK1 epithelial cells using calcein-AM polarisation assay Inhibition of P-glycoprotein, mouse L-mdr1b expressed in LLC-PK1 epithelial cells using calcein-AM polarisation assay	[PMID: 12699389]
Macrophage	IC₅₀	0.134 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Inhibition of TNFalpha expression in LPS-induced macrophages (unknown origin) incubated for 24 hrs by ELISA Inhibition of TNFalpha expression in LPS-induced macrophages (unknown origin) incubated for 24 hrs by ELISA	[PMID: 31473042]
MCF7	IC₅₀	> 15 μM Compound: Dex	Anticancer against human MCF7 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Anticancer against human MCF7 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 24992071]
Multiple myeloma cancer stem cell	IC₅₀	> 100000 nM Compound: DEX	Antiproliferative activity against human multiple myeloma cancer stem cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human multiple myeloma cancer stem cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 30108696]
PBMC	EC₅₀	> 0.2 μM Compound: 1	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced MCP-1 production after 24 hrs Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced MCP-1 production after 24 hrs	[PMID: 23199485]
PBMC	EC₅₀	0.00047 μM Compound: 1	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of anti-CD3-induced GM-CSF production after 48 hrs Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of anti-CD3-induced GM-CSF production after 48 hrs	[PMID: 23199485]
PBMC	EC₅₀	0.00092 μM Compound: 1	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced IL-4 production after 24 hrs Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced IL-4 production after 24 hrs	[PMID: 23199485]
PBMC	EC₅₀	0.001 μM Compound: 1	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced IL-5 production after 48 hrs Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced IL-5 production after 48 hrs	[PMID: 23199485]
PBMC	EC₅₀	0.0012 μM Compound: 1	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced IL-13 production after 24 hrs Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced IL-13 production after 24 hrs	[PMID: 23199485]
PBMC	EC₅₀	0.0019 μM Compound: 1	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of anti-CD3-induced TNFalpha production after 48 hrs Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of anti-CD3-induced TNFalpha production after 48 hrs	[PMID: 23199485]
PBMC	IC₅₀	0.002 μM Compound: dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced TNFalpha expression pretreated 1 hr before LPS challenge followed by incubated for 16 hrs by flow cytometry Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced TNFalpha expression pretreated 1 hr before LPS challenge followed by incubated for 16 hrs by flow cytometry	[PMID: 25338180]
PBMC	EC₅₀	0.0021 μM Compound: 1	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of anti-CD3-induced IL-1beta production after 48 hrs Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of anti-CD3-induced IL-1beta production after 48 hrs	[PMID: 23199485]
PBMC	EC₅₀	0.0024 μM Compound: 1	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced IP-10 production after 24 hrs Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced IP-10 production after 24 hrs	[PMID: 23199485]
PBMC	EC₅₀	0.0035 μM Compound: 1	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced IL-3 production after 48 hrs Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced IL-3 production after 48 hrs	[PMID: 23199485]
PBMC	EC₅₀	0.0036 μM Compound: 1	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced IL-2 production after 48 hrs Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced IL-2 production after 48 hrs	[PMID: 23199485]
PBMC	EC₅₀	0.0041 μM Compound: 1	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of anti-CD3-induced IL-12p70 production after 48 hrs Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of anti-CD3-induced IL-12p70 production after 48 hrs	[PMID: 23199485]
PBMC	EC₅₀	0.0055 μM Compound: 1	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced IL-10 production after 48 hrs Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced IL-10 production after 48 hrs	[PMID: 23199485]
PBMC	EC₅₀	0.0061 μM Compound: 1	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced TNFalpha production after 6 hrs Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced TNFalpha production after 6 hrs	[PMID: 23199485]
PBMC	EC₅₀	0.0076 μM Compound: 1	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced IFNgamma production after 24 hrs Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced IFNgamma production after 24 hrs	[PMID: 23199485]
PBMC	IC₅₀	0.008 μM Compound: dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced IL-1beta expression pretreated 1 hr before LPS challenge followed by incubated for 16 hrs by flow cytometry Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced IL-1beta expression pretreated 1 hr before LPS challenge followed by incubated for 16 hrs by flow cytometry	[PMID: 25338180]
PBMC	IC₅₀	0.009 μM Compound: dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced IL-8 expression pretreated 1 hr before LPS challenge followed by incubated for 16 hrs by flow cytometry Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced IL-8 expression pretreated 1 hr before LPS challenge followed by incubated for 16 hrs by flow cytometry	[PMID: 25338180]
PBMC	EC₅₀	0.0094 μM Compound: 1	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced IL-1beta production after 6 hrs Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced IL-1beta production after 6 hrs	[PMID: 23199485]
PBMC	IC₅₀	0.0095 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMCs assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced IL1-beta release incubated for 15 mins prior to LPS challenge measured after 24 hrs by HTRF assay Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMCs assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced IL1-beta release incubated for 15 mins prior to LPS challenge measured after 24 hrs by HTRF assay	[PMID: 23411072]
PBMC	EC₅₀	0.01 μM Compound: 1	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced TNFalpha production after 6 hrs Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced TNFalpha production after 6 hrs	[PMID: 23199485]
PBMC	EC₅₀	0.014 μM Compound: 1	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced IL-1beta production after 6 hrs Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced IL-1beta production after 6 hrs	[PMID: 23199485]
PBMC	IC₅₀	0.017 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMCs assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced TNFalpha release incubated for 15 mins prior to LPS challenge measured after 24 hrs by HTRF assay Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMCs assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced TNFalpha release incubated for 15 mins prior to LPS challenge measured after 24 hrs by HTRF assay	[PMID: 23411072]
PBMC	EC₅₀	0.055 μM Compound: 1	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced IL-6 production after 6 hrs Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced IL-6 production after 6 hrs	[PMID: 23199485]
PBMC	EC₅₀	0.066 μM Compound: 1	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced MIP1alpha production after 6 hrs Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced MIP1alpha production after 6 hrs	[PMID: 23199485]
PBMC	EC₅₀	0.072 μM Compound: 1	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced IL-8 production after 6 hrs Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced IL-8 production after 6 hrs	[PMID: 23199485]
PBMC	EC₅₀	0.082 μM Compound: 1	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced IL-6 production after 6 hrs Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced IL-6 production after 6 hrs	[PMID: 23199485]
PBMC	EC₅₀	0.088 μM Compound: 1	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced IL-8 production after 6 hrs Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced IL-8 production after 6 hrs	[PMID: 23199485]
PBMC	EC₅₀	0.13 μM Compound: 1	Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced MIP1alpha production after 6 hrs Antiinflammatory activity in human PBMC assessed as inhibition of PHA-induced MIP1alpha production after 6 hrs	[PMID: 23199485]
PBMC	IC₅₀	3.6 nM Compound: Dexamethasone	Inhibition of TNF-alpha production in LPS-stimulated human PBMC measured after 24 hrs by ELISA Inhibition of TNF-alpha production in LPS-stimulated human PBMC measured after 24 hrs by ELISA	[PMID: 35870364]
Peritoneal macrophage	IC₅₀	0.15 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Anti-inflammatory activity in mouse peritoneal macrophages assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production incubated for 22 hrs by Griess reagent based colorimetric assay Anti-inflammatory activity in mouse peritoneal macrophages assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production incubated for 22 hrs by Griess reagent based colorimetric assay	[PMID: 31358465]
R1	IC₅₀	5 nM Compound: Dexamethasone	Inhibition of glucocorticoid receptor-glucocorticoid complex transfected in rat R1 cells assessed as down-regulation of TPA-responsive element proinflammatory gene expression at 10 uM after 24 hrs by beta-galactosidase assay Inhibition of glucocorticoid receptor-glucocorticoid complex transfected in rat R1 cells assessed as down-regulation of TPA-responsive element proinflammatory gene expression at 10 uM after 24 hrs by beta-galactosidase assay	[PMID: 18412397]
RAW	IC₅₀	20 nM Compound: DXM	Inhibition of interferon gamma-stimulated NO production in RAW 264.7 cells after 24 hrs Inhibition of interferon gamma-stimulated NO production in RAW 264.7 cells after 24 hrs	[PMID: 17367124]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	> 25 μg/mL Compound: Dexamethasone	Cytotoxicity against mouse RAW264.7 cells after 2 days by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against mouse RAW264.7 cells after 2 days by MTT assay	[PMID: 15165136]
RAW264.7	CC₅₀	> 50 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Cytotoxicity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 24 hrs by CCK8 assay Cytotoxicity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 24 hrs by CCK8 assay	[PMID: 30528697]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	> 50 μM Compound: Dex	Cytotoxicity against LPS-induced mouse RAW 264.7 cells assessed as cell viability measured by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against LPS-induced mouse RAW 264.7 cells assessed as cell viability measured by MTT assay	[PMID: 33515864]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	> 50 μM Compound: Dex	Cytotoxicity against mouse RAW 264.7 cells assessed as cell viability by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against mouse RAW 264.7 cells assessed as cell viability by MTT assay	[PMID: 33515864]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	0.01 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitirc oxide production preincubated for 1 hr followed by LPS-stimulation and measured after 18 hrs by Griess assay Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitirc oxide production preincubated for 1 hr followed by LPS-stimulation and measured after 18 hrs by Griess assay	[PMID: 31301930]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	0.01 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Anti-inflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production preincubated for 30 mins followed by LPS-stimulation and measured after 24 hrs by Griess assay Anti-inflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production preincubated for 30 mins followed by LPS-stimulation and measured after 24 hrs by Griess assay	[PMID: 30931559]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	0.01 μM Compound: Dexsamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced TNF-alpha secretion after 18 hrs Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced TNF-alpha secretion after 18 hrs	[PMID: 21353543]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	0.016 μg/mL Compound: Dexamethasone	Inhibition of LPS-induced TNF-alpha release in mouse RAW264.7 cells compound preincubated for 1 hr before LPS treatment measured after 6 to 12 hrs by sandwich immunoassay Inhibition of LPS-induced TNF-alpha release in mouse RAW264.7 cells compound preincubated for 1 hr before LPS treatment measured after 6 to 12 hrs by sandwich immunoassay	[PMID: 25113933]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	0.04 μM Compound: DEXA	Inhibition of TNFalpha production in mouse RAW264.7 cells incubated for 6 hrs by sandwich immunoassay Inhibition of TNFalpha production in mouse RAW264.7 cells incubated for 6 hrs by sandwich immunoassay	[PMID: 25824662]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	0.13 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Anti-inflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production preincubated for 1 hr followed by LPS-stimulation and measured after 18 hrs by Griess reagent-based assay Anti-inflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production preincubated for 1 hr followed by LPS-stimulation and measured after 18 hrs by Griess reagent-based assay	[PMID: 30808589]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	0.47 μM Compound: Hexadecadrol	Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-stimulated nitric oxide production pretreated for 2 hrs before LPS challenge measured after 18 hrs by Griess method Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-stimulated nitric oxide production pretreated for 2 hrs before LPS challenge measured after 18 hrs by Griess method	[PMID: 22372956]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	0.58 μM Compound: Dex	Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production preincubated for 3 hrs followed by LPS-stimulation and measured after 24 hrs by Griess reagent based assay Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production preincubated for 3 hrs followed by LPS-stimulation and measured after 24 hrs by Griess reagent based assay	[PMID: 34333975]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	0.62 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Anti-inflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production measured after 24 hrs Anti-inflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production measured after 24 hrs	[PMID: 32485533]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	0.63 μM Compound: dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production after 24 hrs by Griess assay Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production after 24 hrs by Griess assay	[PMID: 26087384]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	0.63 μM Compound: DXM	Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production after 24 hrs in presence of LPS by Griess assay Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production after 24 hrs in presence of LPS by Griess assay	[PMID: 27825545]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	0.7 μM Compound: dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity in LPS-stimulated mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as effect on TNFalpha formation pretreated 1 hr before LPS challenge measured after 24 hrs Antiinflammatory activity in LPS-stimulated mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as effect on TNFalpha formation pretreated 1 hr before LPS challenge measured after 24 hrs	[PMID: 11908984]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	0.8 μM Compound: dexamethasone	Inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production in mouse RAW264.7 cells after 24 hrs by Griess assay Inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production in mouse RAW264.7 cells after 24 hrs by Griess assay	[PMID: 26305406]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	0.8 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production in mouse RAW264.7 cells after 24 hrs by Griess assay relative to vehicle-treated control Inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production in mouse RAW264.7 cells after 24 hrs by Griess assay relative to vehicle-treated control	[PMID: 25499882]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	0.8 μM Compound: Dexsamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production after 24 hrs by Griess method Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production after 24 hrs by Griess method	[PMID: 21353543]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	0.8 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production by griess assay Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production by griess assay	[PMID: 29272126]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	0.86 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production treated 2 hrs before LPS challenge measured after 18 hrs by griess reaction Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production treated 2 hrs before LPS challenge measured after 18 hrs by griess reaction	[PMID: 21288727]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	0.98 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production pretreated for 2 hrs before LPS challenge measured after 18 hrs by Griess method Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production pretreated for 2 hrs before LPS challenge measured after 18 hrs by Griess method	[PMID: 22537362]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	1.2 μM Compound: DEX	Anti-inflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as reduction in LPS-induced TNF-alpha production after 48 hrs by ELISA Anti-inflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as reduction in LPS-induced TNF-alpha production after 48 hrs by ELISA	[PMID: 30579802]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	1.43 μM Compound: dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production incubated for 2 hrs prior to LPS-challenge measured after 24 hrs by Griess method Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production incubated for 2 hrs prior to LPS-challenge measured after 24 hrs by Griess method	[PMID: 23373965]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	1.84 μg/mL Compound: Dexamethasone	Inhibition of LPS-induced IL1-beta release in mouse RAW264.7 cells compound preincubated for 1 hr before LPS treatment measured after 6 to 12 hrs by sandwich immunoassay Inhibition of LPS-induced IL1-beta release in mouse RAW264.7 cells compound preincubated for 1 hr before LPS treatment measured after 6 to 12 hrs by sandwich immunoassay	[PMID: 25113933]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	10.7 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production in mouse RAW264.7 cells after 24 hrs by Griess assay Inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production in mouse RAW264.7 cells after 24 hrs by Griess assay	[PMID: 29518326]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	14.75 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production measured after 24 hrs by Griess assay Antiinflammatory activity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production measured after 24 hrs by Griess assay	[PMID: 33933753]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	159.2 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Cytotoxicity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of cell viability preincubated for 1 hr followed by LPS stimulation measured after 24 hrs by WST-1 assay Cytotoxicity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of cell viability preincubated for 1 hr followed by LPS stimulation measured after 24 hrs by WST-1 assay	[PMID: 31260892]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	159.2 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Cytotoxicity against mouse RAW264.7 by WST-1 vital dye reagent method Cytotoxicity against mouse RAW264.7 by WST-1 vital dye reagent method	[PMID: 35567964]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	18.4 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production preincubated for 12 hrs followed by LPS-stimulation and measured after 24 hrs by Griess assay Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production preincubated for 12 hrs followed by LPS-stimulation and measured after 24 hrs by Griess assay	[PMID: 31181925]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	2.5 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Inhibition of LPS-induced NO production in mouse RAW264.7 cells after 24 hrs by Griess assay Inhibition of LPS-induced NO production in mouse RAW264.7 cells after 24 hrs by Griess assay	[PMID: 28598633]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	2.66 μM Compound: Dex	Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production pretreated for 2 hrs followed by LPS stimulation measured after 24 hrs by Griess assay Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production pretreated for 2 hrs followed by LPS stimulation measured after 24 hrs by Griess assay	[PMID: 30108912]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	20 nM Compound: DXM	Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of IFN-gamma induced NO production after 24 hrs by Griess reaction Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of IFN-gamma induced NO production after 24 hrs by Griess reaction	[PMID: 21361338]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	22.2 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW 264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production measured after 24 hrs by Griess reagent assay Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW 264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production measured after 24 hrs by Griess reagent assay	[PMID: 35007071]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	24.3 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Anti-inflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production preincubated for 2 hrs followed by LPS addition and measured after 18 hrs by Griess reagent-based assay Anti-inflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production preincubated for 2 hrs followed by LPS addition and measured after 18 hrs by Griess reagent-based assay	[PMID: 32935986]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	32.5 μM Compound: DXMS	Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production preincubated for 1 hr followed by LPS stimulation and measured after 24 hrs by Griess reagent based assay Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production preincubated for 1 hr followed by LPS stimulation and measured after 24 hrs by Griess reagent based assay	[PMID: 32070636]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	355.14 μM Compound: dexamethasone	Anti-inflammatory activity in Mus musculus (mouse) RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of PMA-induced macrophages respiratory burst measured up to 30 min by chemiluminescence method Anti-inflammatory activity in Mus musculus (mouse) RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of PMA-induced macrophages respiratory burst measured up to 30 min by chemiluminescence method	10.1007/s00044-013-0504-9
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	36 μg/mL Compound: Dexamethasone	Inhibition of iNOS production in LPS-activated mouse RAW264.7 cells after 20 hrs Inhibition of iNOS production in LPS-activated mouse RAW264.7 cells after 20 hrs	[PMID: 15165136]
RAW264.7	CC₅₀	4.4 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Cytotoxicity in LPS-stimulated mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 72 hrs by alamar blue dye based colorimetric assay Cytotoxicity in LPS-stimulated mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 72 hrs by alamar blue dye based colorimetric assay	[PMID: 35998343]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	4.7 μM Compound: DEXA	Inhibition of IL-1beta production in mouse RAW264.7 cells incubated for 12 hrs by sandwich immunoassay Inhibition of IL-1beta production in mouse RAW264.7 cells incubated for 12 hrs by sandwich immunoassay	[PMID: 25824662]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	5.02 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Inhibition of NO release in mouse RAW264.7 incubated for 15 mins by fluoroscence-luminescence reader infinite M200 Pro analysis Inhibition of NO release in mouse RAW264.7 incubated for 15 mins by fluoroscence-luminescence reader infinite M200 Pro analysis	[PMID: 35567964]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	5.02 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity against LPS-induced mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of NO overproduction preincubated for 1 hr prior to Escherichia coli LPS stimulation followed by further incubation for 24 hrs by Griess reagent based spectrophotome Antiinflammatory activity against LPS-induced mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of NO overproduction preincubated for 1 hr prior to Escherichia coli LPS stimulation followed by further incubation for 24 hrs by Griess reagent based spectrophotome	[PMID: 31260892]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	6 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production incubated for 24 hrs by Griess reagent-based assay Antiinflammatory activity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production incubated for 24 hrs by Griess reagent-based assay	[PMID: 31577434]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	6.1 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced TNF-alpha secretion after 24 hrs by ELISA Antiinflammatory activity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced TNF-alpha secretion after 24 hrs by ELISA	[PMID: 31577434]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	6.9 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production incubated for 24 hrs in presence of LPS by Griess reagent-based assay Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production incubated for 24 hrs in presence of LPS by Griess reagent-based assay	[PMID: 33914536]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	7 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as reduction in LPS-induced NO production pretreated for 30 mins followed by LPS stimulation for 24 hrs by Griess assay Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as reduction in LPS-induced NO production pretreated for 30 mins followed by LPS stimulation for 24 hrs by Griess assay	[PMID: 28499733]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	7.9 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production preincubated for 3 hrs followed by LPS stimulation and measured after 24 hrs by Griess reagent based assay Antiinflammatory activity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production preincubated for 3 hrs followed by LPS stimulation and measured after 24 hrs by Griess reagent based assay	[PMID: 35063896]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	7.9 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Anti-inflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production preincubated for 3 hrs followed by LPS-stimulation and measured after 24 hrs by Griess assay Anti-inflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production preincubated for 3 hrs followed by LPS-stimulation and measured after 24 hrs by Griess assay	[PMID: 30817151]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	7.9 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Anti-inflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production incubated for 3 hrs followed by LPS addition and measured after 24 hrs Anti-inflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production incubated for 3 hrs followed by LPS addition and measured after 24 hrs	[PMID: 37002536]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	8.28 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Anti-inflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production after 24 hrs by Griess reagent-based assay Anti-inflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production after 24 hrs by Griess reagent-based assay	[PMID: 33667092]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	8.4 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced IL-6 secretion after 24 hrs by ELISA Antiinflammatory activity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced IL-6 secretion after 24 hrs by ELISA	[PMID: 31577434]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	8.7 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced TNFalpha production pretreated for 30 mins followed by LPS stimulation for 24 hrs by ELISA Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced TNFalpha production pretreated for 30 mins followed by LPS stimulation for 24 hrs by ELISA	[PMID: 30528697]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	8.71 μM Compound: Dex	Inhibition of LPS-induced NO release in mouse RAW264.7 cells preincubated for 1 hrs followed by LPS stimulation and measured after 24 hrs by Griess reagent based assay Inhibition of LPS-induced NO release in mouse RAW264.7 cells preincubated for 1 hrs followed by LPS stimulation and measured after 24 hrs by Griess reagent based assay	[PMID: 33515864]
RAW264.7	IC₅₀	9.4 μM Compound: DEX	Anti-inflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as reduction in LPS-induced IL-6 production after 48 hrs by ELISA Anti-inflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as reduction in LPS-induced IL-6 production after 48 hrs by ELISA	[PMID: 30579802]
REH	EC₅₀	6.7 nM Compound: Dexamethasone	Cytotoxicity against human REH cells overexpressing GR assessed as reduction in cell viability measured after 3 days by resazurin based assay Cytotoxicity against human REH cells overexpressing GR assessed as reduction in cell viability measured after 3 days by resazurin based assay	[PMID: 34046609]
RPMI-8226	IC₅₀	6.5 nM Compound: dexamethasone	Antiproliferative activity against human RPMI8226 cells after 4 days Antiproliferative activity against human RPMI8226 cells after 4 days	[PMID: 17705362]
Splenocyte	IC₅₀	0.001 μM Compound: Dexa	Immunomodulatory activity in BALB/c mouse splenocytes assessed as inhibition of concanavalin A-induced lymphocyte proliferation by measuring [3H]-thymidine uptake after 48 to 72 hrs by scintillation counting analysis Immunomodulatory activity in BALB/c mouse splenocytes assessed as inhibition of concanavalin A-induced lymphocyte proliferation by measuring [3H]-thymidine uptake after 48 to 72 hrs by scintillation counting analysis	[PMID: 29523468]
SW1353	IC₅₀	1.8 nM Compound: DEX	Transrepression activity at glucocorticoid receptor in human SW1353 cells assessed as repression of IL-1-induced MMP-13 production after 24 hrs by ELISA Transrepression activity at glucocorticoid receptor in human SW1353 cells assessed as repression of IL-1-induced MMP-13 production after 24 hrs by ELISA	[PMID: 25706100]
T-cell	IC₅₀	0.005 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Inhibitory concentration against T cell proliferation using concanavalin A stimulated mice spleen cells Inhibitory concentration against T cell proliferation using concanavalin A stimulated mice spleen cells	[PMID: 11229767]
T-cell	IC₅₀	1.6 μM Compound: Dexamethasone	Immunosuppressive activity against BALB/C mouse T lymphocytes assessed as reduction in concanavalin A-induced cell proliferation by measuring [3H]-thymidine uptake incubated for 8 hrs by Beta scintillation counting method Immunosuppressive activity against BALB/C mouse T lymphocytes assessed as reduction in concanavalin A-induced cell proliferation by measuring [3H]-thymidine uptake incubated for 8 hrs by Beta scintillation counting method	[PMID: 31961677]
THP-1	IC₅₀	0.007 μM Compound: dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity in human THP1 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced IL6 by ELISA Antiinflammatory activity in human THP1 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced IL6 by ELISA	[PMID: 18625560]
THP-1	IC₅₀	0.05 μM Compound: dexamethasone	Antiinflammatory activity in human THP1 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced TNFalpha by ELISA Antiinflammatory activity in human THP1 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced TNFalpha by ELISA	[PMID: 18625560]

In Vitro

Dexamethasone (Hexadecadrol) regulates several transcription factors, including activator protein-1, nuclear factor-AT, and nuclear factor-kB, leading to the activation and repression of key genes involved in the inflammatory response^[1].
Dexamethasone potently inhibits granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) release from A549 cells with EC₅₀ of 2.2 nM. Dexamethasone (EC₅₀=36 nM) induces transcription of the β₂-receptor is found to correlate with glucocorticoid receptor (GR) DNA binding and occurred at 10-100 fold higher concentrations than the inhibition of GM-CSF release. Dexamethasone (IC₅₀=0.5 nM) inhibits a 3×κB (NF-κB, IκBα, and I-κBβ), which is associated with inhibition of GM-CSF release^[2].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

In Vivo

Based on blood and multi-tissue concentration-time profiles of Dexamethasone (DEX), no significant sex differences were found in its tissue distribution. Blood cell to plasma partitioning (0.664) and plasma free fraction (0.175) were moderate, with widespread distribution in the liver (Kp=6.76). Possibly due to P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux, the concentration of DEX in the brain is very low compared to the expected high permeability^[5].
Dexamethasone (DEX) can be used in animal modeling to construct models of muscle atrophy, hypertension and depression.

1. Induction of muscle atrophy^[6]^[7]

Background

Glucocorticoids are important mediators of skeletal muscle protein degradation and upregulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Dexamethasone induces tibialis anterior muscle protein degradation by binding to the glucocorticoid receptor, resulting in muscle atrophy.

Specific Mmodeling Methods

Mice: C57BL/6 • male • 6-week-old
Administration: 5 mg/kg • ip • once daily for 2 weeks

Modeling Indicators

Molecular changes: Increased indicators: C₂C₁₂ ubiquitin ligase, MuRF1, Atrogin-1, Cbl-b, p-Foxo1, p-Foxo3a. Resulted C₂C₁₂ myotube protein degradation, and Glucocorticoid receptor translocation to the nucleus

Phenotypic observation: Decreased indicators: The weight of the anterior muscles, gastrocnemius, quadriceps and soleus muscles. The ratio of skeletal muscle to body weight decreases.

Correlated Product(s): Betamethasone (HY-13570)

Opposite Product(s): Glabridin (HY-N0393)

2. Induction of hypertension^[8]^[9]

Background

The underlying mechanisms that induce hypertension (HT) are unknown.

Specific Modeling Methods

Rat: Sprague-Dawley • Male • 200-300 g
Administration: 20 μg • sc • once daily from days 5 to 16 • control rats: saline with 0.1 mL/100 g/day from days 1 to 16 (po) or 0.2 mL/rat/day (sc).

Dog: 10.1-19.1 kg • average=13.7 kg
Administration: 0.5 mg/kg • po • once daily for 10 days

Modeling Indicators

b>Hemodynamics：MAP, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, TPR levels increased in central hemodynamics. Total peripheral resistance, blood pressure, atrial natriuretic peptide, and the pressor response to norepinephrine, are significantly increased in Systemic and renal hemodynamics.

Behavior: The dog showed obvious natriuresis and diuresis.

Opposite Product(s): Saralasin (HY-P0205); Prazosin (HY-B0193)

3. Induction of depressive behavior^[10]^[11]

Background

Astrocytes are a key feature of major depressive disorder (MD), and reduced expression by glucocorticoids results in reduced astrocyte numbers. Long-term treatment with Dexamethasone can cause a series of depression-like symptoms in rodents.

Specific Modeling Methods

Rat: Sprague-Dawley • Male • 200-250 g
Administration: 1 mg/kg • po • once daily every other day for 5 months

Note

(1) Prepare a 3% (w/v) treatment solution and filter through a 0.45 μm cellulose acetate filter.
(2) Rats should not be exposed to any other water source for 4 days before starting treatment.
(3) On the 4th day, change the treatment solution to water and feed for 3 days to allow the mice to recover temporarily. Weigh and conduct behavioral experiments on day 7.

Mice: C57BL/6 • Male • 9-10 weeks old • 23-25 g
Administration: 4 mg/kg • ip • once dailly for 21 days

Modeling Indicators

Metabolism changes: Serum cortisol levels in rats ↑.

Behavior: Immobility time during the forced swim test (FST) &uarr. Preference for sucrose &darr in the sucrose preference test.

Opposite Product(s): Amitriptyline (HY-B0527)

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Clinical Trial

Molecular Weight

392.46

Formula

C₂₂H₂₉FO₅

CAS No.

50-02-2

Appearance

Solid

Color

White to off-white

SMILES

O=C1C=C[C@@]2(C)C(CC[C@]3(21)[C@]2(F)[C@@H](O)C[C@@]4(C)[C@@]3(21)C[C@@H](C)[C@@]4(C(CO)=O)O)=C1

Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

Storage

4°C, protect from light

*In solvent : -80°C, 1 year; -20°C, 6 months (protect from light)

Solvent & Solubility

In Vitro:

DMSO : 100 mg/mL (254.80 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

Ethanol : 8.33 mg/mL (21.23 mM; Need ultrasonic)

Preparing
Stock Solutions

Concentration Solvent Mass	1 mg	5 mg	10 mg

1 mM	2.5480 mL	12.7402 mL	25.4803 mL
5 mM	0.5096 mL	2.5480 mL	5.0961 mL
10 mM	0.2548 mL	1.2740 mL	2.5480 mL

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

* Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 1 year; -20°C, 6 months (protect from light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 1 year. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 6 months.

Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for in vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: 5% DMSO 95% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)
Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (6.37 mM); Clear solution
Protocol 2

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline
Solubility: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (5.30 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (20.8 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
Protocol 3

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)
Solubility: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (5.30 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (20.8 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.
Protocol 4

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% Corn Oil
Solubility: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (5.30 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (saturation unknown). If the continuous dosing period exceeds half a month, please choose this protocol carefully.
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (20.8 mg/mL) to 900 μL Corn oil, and mix evenly.

For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly. It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: 0.5% CMC-Na/saline water
Solubility: 18.18 mg/mL (46.32 mM); Suspended solution; Need ultrasonic

Purity & Documentation

Purity: 99.86%

Data Sheet (296 KB) SDS (420 KB)

COA (254 KB) LCMS (121 KB) Elemental Analysis Report (111 KB)

Handling Instructions (2659 KB)

References

[1]. LaLone CA, et al. Effects of a glucocorticoid receptor agonist, Dexamethasone, on fathead minnow reproduction, growth, and development. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2012 Mar;31(3):611-22. [Content Brief]

[2]. Adcock IM, et al. Ligand-induced differentiation of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) trans-repression and transactivation: preferential targetting of NF-kappaB and lack of I-kappaB involvement. Br J Pharmacol. 1999 Jun;127(4):1003-11 [Content Brief]

[3]. Ballabh P, et al. Neutrophil and monocyte adhesion molecules in bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and effects of corticosteroids. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2004 Jan;89(1):F76-83. [Content Brief]

[4]. Yun Chen, et al. Glucocorticoids inhibit production of exosomes containing inflammatory microRNA-155 in lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage inflammatory responses. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2018;11(7):3391-3397.

[5]. Song D, et al. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetics of Dexamethasone in Rats. Drug Metab Dispos. 2020 Sep;48(9):811-818. [Content Brief]

[6]. Yoshioka Y, et al. Glabridin inhibits dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2019 Mar 30;664:157-166. [Content Brief]

[7]. Troncoso R, et al. Dexamethasone-induced autophagy mediates muscle atrophy through mitochondrial clearance. Cell Cycle. 2014;13(14):2281-95. [Content Brief]

[8]. Ong SL, et al. Hemodynamics of dexamethasone-induced hypertension in the rat. Hypertens Res. 2009 Oct;32(10):889-94. [Content Brief]

[9]. Nakamoto H, et al. Characterization of alterations of hemodynamics and neuroendocrine hormones in dexamethasone induced hypertension in dogs. Clin Exp Hypertens A. 1991;13(4):587-606. [Content Brief]

[10]. Mesripour A, et al. The effect of vitamin B6 on dexamethasone-induced depression in mice model of despair. Nutr Neurosci. 2019 Oct;22(10):744-749. [Content Brief]

[11]. Bhatt S, et al. Role of Aspirin and Dexamethasone against Experimentally Induced Depression in Rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2016 Jul;119(1):10-8. [Content Brief]

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