The monoclonal antibody 74.5.2 recognizes a cell membrane C1q binding molecule that recognises the globular heads of C1q. It is also present in plasma and the extracellular matrix. The molecule is an unusually acidic, single chain protein with an apparent molecular weight of 33 kDa. It does not possess a conventional sequence motif compatible with a membrane spanning segment nor a consensus site for a GPI anchor. gC1q-R migrates as a single chain under both reducing and non-reducing conditions, but it behaves as an oligomer on gel-filtration in non-dissociating conditions. Its multimer formation may be a critical process by which the gC1q-R molecule increases its affinity for multivalent ligands such as C1q.
gC1q-R has been shown to inhibit complement activation by preventing the binding of C1q to antibodies, suggesting that the binding site for gC1q-R and the binding site for immune complexes, which are present on the C1q globular ‘heads’, may be located at the same position. gC1q-R is capable of interacting with several proteins involved in blood clotting, namely, thrombin, prothrombin, the heparinbinding form of vitronectin, the ternary complex, vitronectin-thrombin-antithrombin, as well as high-molecular-weight kininogen and Hageman factor. Besides its role in the complement pathway, gC1q-R participates in enhancement of Fc-receptor and CR1-mediated phagocytosis, procoagulant activity on platelets, and chemotactic activity on mast cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, and fibroblasts.
gC1q-R is expressed on a wide variety of cells and can serve as a binding site for plasma and microbial proteins. Its antigenic sites may be cryptic on cells in suspension but become exposed when the cells are fixed by bifunctional cross-linkers. Probably it is also expressed on the cell membrane as a tetramer. Crosslinking or activation may thus bring about a tetrameric assembly of gC1q-R followed by a conformational change within the molecule, thereby exposing epitopes which are otherwise hidden. A form of gC1q-R is also found inside the cell. Intracellular gC1q-R has been shown to bind the cytoplasmic tail of the α1B-adrenergic receptor and to PKCμ.
The monoclonal antibody 74.5.2 is directed against epitopes in the XC15 peptide that contains a binding site for high-molecular-weight kininogen and Factor XII. Clone 74.5.2 recognizes both the mature (74 – 282) and truncated form, lacking residues 74-95.