Useful in the identification and selection of the strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that contain the mutant ura3- gene. 5-FOA is toxic to yeast cells that can synthesize the enzyme orotidine-5’-phosphate decarboxylase and are therefore unable to grow on 5-FOA-containing media.||Alternate Nomenclature:|FOA; 5-FOA; 5-Fluoroorotate; 5-FLUORO-4-PYRIMIDINECARBOXYLIC ACID; 5-FLUORO-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDRO-2,6-DIOXO-(9CI); 1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDRO-2,6-DIOXO-5-FLUORO-4- PYRIMIDINECARBOXYLIC ACID; 2,6-Dihydroxy-5-fluoropyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid; 5-Fluorouracil-4-carboxylic acid.||ura3 Strain Selection Assay: |5-FOA is tested for the ability to inhibit growth of ura3+ strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.||Appearance: |Off-white to light yellow powder. ||Melting Point: |~258°C FOA is stable at high heat (i.e. boiling and autoclave conditions.) Refer to United States Biological reference article on stability testing data.||Solubility:|We recommend to first partially solubilize FOA in ddH2O, then autoclave for complete solubility.||NH4OH/H2O (1:1): 50mg/ml|DMSO: Very soluble in DMSO. High concentrations of DMSO are toxic to cells. Low concentrations are recommended.|H2O: Slightly soluble. in H2O. Readily solubilized with heat. Withstands boiling.||Ethanol: Slightly soluble in ethanol.||Methanol: Slightly soluble in methanol.||Alternate CAS Nos:|207291-81-4, 220141-70-8, 703-95-7||Storage and Stability:|Lyophilized powder may be stored at RT or 4°C. Refer to Solubility. Protect reconstituted product from light and store at 4°C during use. For long-term storage, aliquot and store at -20°C. Aliquots are stable for 6 months at -20°C.||Thermostability of 5-Fluoroorotic Acid (FOA):|Researchers using the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, have a great number of genetic tools at their disposal. Among these are the plasmids of many types and copy number that have been developed for use in S. cerevisiae. The selection for transformants with these plasmids often relies on the complementation of a genomic mutation in the genes required to synthesize various amino acids (leucine, histidine, tryptophan, etc.) or nucleotide bases (generally adenine or uracil). Recently the use of aurine resistance has been utilized.||Most laboratory strains lack a functional URA3 gene and can be complemented to uracil auxotrophy by supplying URA3 on a plasmid or by integration into the genome. URA3 strains can also be selected against by including 5-Fluoroorotic Acid (5-FOA) in the growth media. Cells with wild-type URA5 and URA3 genes convert the 5-FOA into the toxic substance 5’ Fluorouridine monophosphate, severely limiting growth of the cell. The ability to carry out positive and negative selection with one marker has allowed yeast researchers to devise ingenious screens and genetic schemes.||The use of 5-FOA is not always as simple as theory might dictate. Many researchers have a difficult time getting reproducible results from experiments using 5-FOA. The reasons for this are not always apparent. The anecdotes have lead to researchers to question the stability of 5-FOA in light, heat, solution, etc. Some protocols even recommend boiling to completely dissolve 5-FOA.||The following experiment was designed to demonstrate the effect of these variable conditions on the end use of 5-FOA, growth inhibition of uracil auxotrophs in the laboratory.||5-FOA was obtained from US Biological frozen stocks and aliquots incubated at -20° (control) or 45° C for 16 hours (to simulate an unprotected ground shipment in an overheated UPS truck). To investigate the effects of boiling, we also added 5ml of water to an aliquot of 5-FOA and incubated in boiling water for 10 minutes. We then added the 5-FOA at 1g/liter to synthetic complete media (26.7 g/liter Drop-out Base, 2g/liter SC Drop-out Amino Acid Supplement, stirred until no particulate matter could be observed (generally 10-30 minutes). The media was filtered through a 0.2um filter to sterilize.||We inoculated the 5-FOA media with an overnight culture of W303a pRS316 grown in SC-ura (26.7g/liter Drop-out Base, 2g/liter Drop-out mix minus uracil. Growth was followed by measuring the OD600.||All 5-FOA samples, regardless of the thermal abuse heaped upon them, severely limited the growth of the URA3 culture relative to the SC control. In fact, the boiled sample consistently performed better than the non-boiled control. This might be due to the complete solublization of the 5-FOA.||We conclude that 5-FOA is very thermotolerant for at least short periods of 1-2 weeks. It can be safely shipped via ground without temperature protection.|