A2574-25mg | Aprotinin [9087-70-1] Clinisciences

Background

Aprotinin, a naturally occurring serine protease inhibitor, saves lives and decreases the risk of stroke and repeat surgery for massive bleeding^{1, 2, 3}.

The use of aprotinin did not significantly increase the risk of renal failure or the need for postoperative renal replacement despite an increase in the proportion of patients who had a doubling of serum creatinine levels. The adjudication of death did not identify renal failure as contributing to or causing death associated with aprotinin use. A Meta analysis by Brown and colleagues showed a nonsignificant relative risk of renal failure with high-dose aprotinin⁴.

Although aprotinin is potentially more effective than other active agents in controlling hemostasis, we noted only a possible trend suggesting that it decreased massive bleeding. Only repeat surgeries and important blood losses through chest tubes, one of the main indications for surgery, were potentially improved by the use of aprotinin. Aprotinin did not appear to prevent massive bleeding or save the life of patients who had massive bleeding.

The adverse effects on mortality associated with aprotinin may also have been present among healthier patients, those under the age of 65 years, and those without coexisting illnesses at the time of surgery.

Despite the possibility of a modest reduction in the risk of massive bleeding, the strong and consistent negative mortality trend associated with aprotinin as compared with lysine analogues precludes its use in patients undergoing high-risk cardiac surgery⁵.

Reference:
1. Henry DA, Carless PA, Moxey AJ, et al. Anti-fibrinolytic use for minimising perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; 4: CD001886.
2. Levi M, Cromheecke ME, de Jonge E, et al. Pharmacological strategies to decrease excessive blood loss in cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis of clinically relevant endpoints. Lancet 1999; 354: 1940-7.
3. Sedrakyan A, Treasure T, Elefteriades JA. Effect of aprotinin on clinical outcomes in coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2004; 128: 442-8.
4. Brown JR, Birkmeyer NJ, O’Connor GT. Meta-analysis comparing the effectiveness and adverse outcomes of antifibrinolytic agents in cardiac surgery. Circulation 2007; 115: 2801-13.
5. Dean A. Fergusson, Paul C. Hébert et al, A Comparison of Aprotinin and Lysine Analogues in High-Risk Cardiac Surgery, N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 2319-2331

Product Citation

1. Yan Chen, Jiafu Zhu, et al. "Protocol for affordable and efficient profiling of nascent RNAs in bread wheat using GRO-seq." STAR Protoc. 2022 Sep 16;3(3):101657. PMID: 36097381
2. Zhao, Han Qi. "The evaluation of cold-stored platelets." University of British Columbia. 2022
3. Sebastian Himbert, Angelo D'Alessandro, et al. "The bending rigidity of the red blood cell cytoplasmic membrane." PLoS One. 2022 Aug 1;17(8):e0269619. PMID: 35913930
4. Sebastian Himbert, Syed M Qadri, et al. "Blood bank storage of red blood cells increases RBC cytoplasmic membrane order and bending rigidity." PLoS One. 2021 Nov 12;16(11):e0259267. PMID: 34767588
5. Angelo D'Alessandro, Tiffany Thomas, et al. "Biological and Clinical Factors Contributing to the Metabolic Heterogeneity of Hospitalized Patients with and without COVID-19." Cells. 2021 Sep 2;10(9):2293. PMID: 34571942
6. HeLia, GuanghuiDanga, et al. "Characterization of a novel Mycobacterium tuberculosis serine protease (Rv3194c) activity and pathogenicity." Tuberculosis. Available online 4 November 2019, 101880.
7. Ying Long, Xuri Zhang, et al. "Initial events in the breakthrough of the epithelial barrier of the small intestine by Angiostrongylus cantonensis." Arch Biol Sci. 2016; 68 (2): 375-383.

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Chemical Properties

Physical Appearance	A solid
Storage	Store at -20°C
M.Wt	6511.44
Cas No.	9087-70-1
Formula	C₂₈₄H₄₃₂N₈₄O₇₉S₇
Synonyms	Aprotinin, Trypsin inhibitor (basic)
Solubility	≥195 mg/mL in H2O; insoluble in DMSO; insoluble in EtOH
Canonical SMILES	CC(O)=O.CC.CC.CCccC.[R].[P].[2H].1.[E].[P].[P].2024.[3H].6.[KH].[R].[R].2024.F.2024.[].1.F.[V].2024.6.6.[R].[KH].[R].N.N.F.[KH].S.[].[2H].[R].6.6.[].[KH].[].[3H].C.[].F.[P].[].I.I.N.[Q].[3H].Jul
Shipping Condition	Small Molecules with Blue Ice, Modified Nucleotides with Dry Ice.
General tips	We do not recommend long-term storage for the solution, please use it up soon.

Protocol

Cell experiment: [1]
Cell lines	HUVEC cells
Preparation method	The solubility of this compound in DMSO is >10 mM. General tips for obtaining a higher concentration: Please warm the tube at 37°C for 10 minutes and/or shake it in the ultrasonic bath for a while.Stock solution can be stored below -20°C for several months.
Reaction Conditions	1600 kIU/mL, 60 min
Applications	Aprotinin dose-dependently inhibited the TNF-α–induced expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, but not E-selectin.
Animal experiment : [2]
Animal models	3- to 4-mo-old male Albino Wistar rats
Dosage form	The rats were anesthetized by 50 mg/kg of ketamine initially and treated with 12 mmHg pneumoperitoneum for 4 h. Additional lower doses of ketamine were administered i.p. until the end of pneumoperitoneum to maintain anesthesia. A loading aprotinin dose of 28000 KIU/kg was given i.p. after the onset of pneumoperitoneum, followed by lower maintenance doses (7500 KIU/kg), which were administered per hour until the termination. Splanchnic reperfusion period lasted 60 or 180 min.
Applications	Treatment of aprotinin caused reduction of several cytokines and markers (TNF-α, IL-6, endothelin 1, C reactive protein, PAB and carbonyl proteins) of oxidative stress in all tissues (liver, small intestine, and lung) studied.
Other notes	Please test the solubility of all compounds indoor, and the actual solubility may slightly differ with the theoretical value. This is caused by an experimental system error and it is normal.
References: [1] Asimakopoulos G, Lidington E A, Mason J, et al. Effect of aprotinin on endothelial cell activation. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery, 2001, 122 (1): 123-128. [2] Baltatzis M, Pavlidis T E, Ouroumidis O, et al. Aprotinin reduces oxidative stress induced by pneumoperitoneum in rats. Journal of Surgical Research, 2014, 189 (2): 238-248.