Translocations involving the PML (promyelocytic leukemia portein, a.k.a. MYL) gene and the RARA (retinoic acid receptor alpha, a.k.a. RARα) gene are considered to be characteristic for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), a subtype of acute myeloid leukemia. Various fusion partners of RARA have been identified, however, in 95% of all APL cases, rearrangements involving the PML gene are detectable. This translocation t(15;17)(q24;q21) leads to a gene fusion of the PML and the RARA gene. The fusion is supposed to play a fundamental role in induction, development, and progression of APL. Since the PML/RARA fusion accounts for the response of these neoplasms to all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) therapy and other conventional chemotherapy it is important to accurately distinguish between t(15;17) translocations and translocations involving other partners of RARA.