Fusion proteins, also known as chimeric proteins, are artificial proteins created by combining two or more proteins or protein fragments through DNA recombination. This technique allows for the association of distinct functional properties, offering a wide range of applications in fundamental research, biotechnology, and medicine.

Mechanisms of Synthesis

The synthesis of fusion proteins relies on genetic engineering, where the genes coding for the proteins of interest are linked together by DNA sequences. This can be accomplished through several methods, including:

• Genetic recombination: Genes are cloned and fused to form a single gene that encodes the fusion protein.
• PCR (polymerase chain reaction): This method amplifies and fuses specific DNA segments.
• Cloning techniques: Utilizing plasmid vectors to express fusion proteins in host systems such as bacteria, yeast, or mammalian cells.

Applications of Fusion Proteins

Fusion proteins have numerous applications, including:

• Localization and Study of Proteins: One of the most common uses of fusion proteins is to study the localization of proteins within cells. By fusing a protein of interest to a fluorescent protein, researchers can visualize and track the dynamics of the target protein within the cell.
• Protein Purification: Fusion proteins are often used to facilitate the purification of recombinant proteins. By adding a tag, such as a histidine sequence, to the protein of interest, it becomes possible to isolate it easily through affinity chromatography. This method enhances the specificity and efficiency of purification.
• Therapeutic Applications: Drugs like abatacept and aflibercept are examples of fusion proteins used in immunotherapy. These medications combine monoclonal antibodies with active molecules to target specific cells, particularly in the treatment of certain cancers.