Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) stands as a cornerstone in cell culture research, facilitating the proliferation of diverse mammalian cell lines. Initially designed with modest glucose levels (1 g/L) and the inclusion of sodium pyruvate, DMEM has evolved to offer a spectrum of formulations catering to varied experimental needs.

DMEM's superiority over Eagle's Minimal Essential Medium lies in its augmented provision of essential nutrients and growth factors, with concentrations of amino acids and vitamins quadrupling that of the latter. Its formulation incorporating a sodium bicarbonate buffer system ensures stable physiological pH within the optimal CO2 environment of 5–10%.

However, the versatility of DMEM necessitates careful consideration during selection. Factors such as the presence of L-glutamine or its superior variant GlutaMAX, the inclusion of phenol red as an indicator, and the choice between liquid and powder formats warrant attention. Additionally, decisions regarding serum supplementation, sodium pyruvate, glucose levels, and the incorporation of HEPES buffer should align with the specific requirements of the experimental setup.